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Uncertainty ( ) the future course of the economy seems to be spreading gradually among companies ( ) a leading role in the economic recovery. It is ( ) to watch carefully how their pessimism ( ) real economic activity. The Bank of Japan's Survey, commonly known ( ) the Tankan survey, showed that business confidence among major Japanese manufacturers ( ) in the October-December quarter from the previous quarter, the first drop ( ) three quarters.

1. a. over b. at c. to d. against
2. a. played b. that played c. who played d. which were played
3. a. necessity b. necessarily c. necessarity d. necessary
4. a. influences b. will influence c. are going to influence d. influence
5. a. to b. for c. in d. as
6. a. deteriorating b. have deteriorated c. deteriorated d. was deteriorated
7. a. on b. in c. at d. for Business sentiment of operators deteriorated ( ) a rise in prices of such raw materials ( ) crude oil, and concern over a slowdown in the U.S. economy triggered by the banking crisis ( ) to defaults on subprime mortgage loans for low-income earners. A sharp decline in the number of housing starts with the ( ) Building Standards Law also had a negative effect on business confidence. The diffusion index for large nonmanufacturers had already deteriorated due to a slowdown in domestic demand. 8. a. because b. for c. as d. due to
9. a. as b. in c. on d. for
10. a. relating b. having related c. relates d. related
11. a. revising b. revision c. revised d. having revised

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